On the heavily wooded property the best way to produce a feeling of expanse is to open up vistas through the trees, create small glades, where at least a minimum of sunlight comes through. Poor trees can be thinned out, low hanging branches pruned up, and the underbrush thinned. Vistas should be resolutely cut through to take advantage of interesting views, or to afford a glimpse of some open space you may be able to create somewhere on the property. Vistas avoid the breathlessness characteristic of dense woods. They can vary in width, anywhere from ten feet up, according to the length.

The tall trees will overhang them, and the pathway can be carpeted with pine needles, tanbark, or ground covers. The "walls" of the vista can be planted with native flowering shrubs, to give a feeling of enclosure, and edged down with rhododendron and azaleas. Native ferns and wildflowers can be naturalized in patches, producing a garden effect that is more natural than manmade. It is useless to work against nature, but we do want a certain semblance of order even in a natural scene. (Plate 33.)

Even for this type of development the principles of design and composition hold true. There must be a basic pattern. The pathways should lead on through but also back again. Cul-de-sacs must be avoided if it is at all possible. Long vistas need to be terminated by heavier or denser plants which con centrate attention. Points of interest can be developed along the way, pleasing groups of ferns, rock plants around a boul der, rustic seats at the intersection of pathways or in a wid ened glade, which can be developed by the introduction of different plants. Interest can be centered about an open fire place, grill, or other attributes of a picnic area.

SMALL TREES AND SHRUBS FOR SHADY AREAS:

Acanthopanax sieboldianus (pentaphyllum)
Acer pennsylvanicum
Amelanchier canadensis
Aronia arbutifolia
Azaleas in variety
Benzoin see Lindera
Calycanthus floridus
Cercis canadensis
Chionanthus virginicus
Clethra alnifolia
Cornus alternifolia
florida
mas
Hamamelis japonica
mollis
Hamamelis vernalis
virginiana
Hypericum frondosum (aureum)
Lonicera fragrantissima
morrowi
tatarica
Oxydendrum arboreum
Rhodotypos scandens (kerrioides)
Symphoricarpos albus (racemosus)
orbiculatus (vulgaris)
Symplocos paniculata
Viburnum acerifolium
dentatum
lantana
lentago
Xanthorhiza simplicissima (apiifolia)